Class 12 Online School

Unit I: Computational Thinking and Programming – 2

• Revision of Python topics covered in Class XI.
• Functions: types of function (built-in functions, functions defined in module, user defined

functions), creating user defined function, arguments and parameters, default parameters,

positional parameters, function returning value(s), flow of execution, scope of a variable (global

scope, local scope)

• Introduction to files, types of files (Text file, Binary file, CSV file), relative and absolute paths
• Text file: opening a text file, text file open modes (r, r+, w, w+, a, a+), closing a text file, opening a

file using with clause, writing/appending data to a text file using write() and writelines(), reading

from a text file using read(), readline() and readlines(), seek and tell methods, manipulation of data

in a text file

• Binary file: basic operations on a binary file: open using file open modes (rb, rb+, wb, wb+, ab, ab+),

close a binary file, import pickle module, dump() and load() method, read, write/create, search,

append and update operations in a binary file

• CSV file: import csv module, open / close csv file, write into a csv file using csv.writer() and read

from a csv file using csv.reader( )

• Data Structure: Stack, operations on stack (push & pop), implementation of stack using list.

Unit II: Computer Networks

• Evolution of networking: introduction to computer networks, evolution of networking (ARPANET,

NSFNET, INTERNET)

• Data communication terminologies: concept of communication, components of data

communication (sender,receiver, message, communication media, protocols), measuring capacity

of communication media (bandwidth, data transfer rate), IP address, switching techniques (Circuit

switching, Packet switching)

• Transmission media: Wired communication media (Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, Fiber-optic

cable), Wireless media (Radio waves, Micro waves, Infrared waves)

• Network devices (Modem, Ethernet card, RJ45, Repeater, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway, WIFI

card)

• Network topologies and Network types: types of networks (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN), networking

topologies (Bus, Star, Tree)

• Network protocol: HTTP, FTP, PPP, SMTP, TCP/IP, POP3, HTTPS, TELNET, VoIP
• Introduction to web services: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup

Language (XML), domain names, URL, website, web browser, web servers, web hosting

Unit III: Database Management

• Database concepts: introduction to database concepts and its need
• Relational data model: relation, attribute, tuple, domain, degree, cardinality, keys (candidate key,

primary key, alternate key, foreign key)

• Structured Query Language: introduction, Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation

Language, data type (char(n), varchar(n), int, float, date), constraints (not null, unique, primary

key), create database, use database, show databases, drop database, show tables, create table,

describe table, alter table (add and remove an attribute, add and remove primary key), drop table,

insert, delete, select, operators (mathematical, relational and logical), aliasing, distinct clause,

where clause, in, between, order by, meaning of null, is null, is not null, like, update command,

delete command, aggregate functions (max, min, avg, sum, count), group by, having clause, joins:

cartesian product on two tables, equi-join and natural join

 Interface of python with an SQL database: connecting SQL with Python, performing insert, update,

delete queries using cursor, display data by using fetchone(), fetchall(), rowcount, creating

database connectivity applications

5. Practical

1 Lab Test: Python program, SQL Queries Viva voce